PRESENTATION

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Para : plantcompany @designraiz.com

Cc:German@designraiz.com;camilo@designraiz.com;jose@designraiz.com

De:alejo18@designraiz.com

Subject: Meeting

Good morning

Plant employees

This is to inform you that a special meeting be held the day June 4, 2011 at 9 am in the ballroom of the company.

The meeting touched on performance issues for operators in different areas to which they are assigned to do their work.

Topics:

- Schedule (time of arrival and departure)
- Performance
- Motivation
- New ideas of organization in plant
- Permits
- Presentation of the new production coordinator
- New products
- Remarks by the owner of the company

We appreciate your timely assistance

(no show this day to the company may have monetary consequences and memoranda if there is no justification)

VOCABULARY QUIZ

1)  adjourn

2) comment

3) consensus

4) a proxy vote

5) wrap up

6) closing remarks

7) commence

8) punctual

9)  Agm 

10) motion

CHINA

CHINA

China has a large fund of talented professionals in information technology (IT). In 2007 in China, 350,000 students graduated with a degree in a field related to IT. Other 120,000 students studying abroad and graduating many of them return to China. This large number of graduates allows China to maintain its advantage of low costs without compromising quality, internationally based, innovation and technological integrity. Compared to other outsourcing destinations, China has obvious advantages in terms of cost. This advantage comes from the vast resources available to the developer and the support of government, low taxes assigned to the IT industry. All this has accelerated the progress in research and development (R & D) in the year 2006, the growth rate of R & D in China reached 22%.

During the past 35 years China has been investing heavily in developing and modernizing its infrastructure. As a result of sustained investment, China is now enjoying the benefits of some public transport systems and communication of the highest quality in the world. This high-quality infrastructure exists not just in big cities like Beijing and Shanghai but also in cities of second and third level. In 2009, China ranks first in the number of mobile phone users with more than 641 million fixed telephony with 981 million and 298 million internet. Advanced fiber optic network is the backbone that supports Internet services in China. All cities in second and third levels have a communications infrastructure as a first-class cities. This will help China to maintain its cost advantage by outsourcing in the cities of the second and third tier cities where the more expensive class.

China has the second largest economy in the world after the United States with a GDP of U.S. $ 7.8 billion (2008) when measured in purchasing power parity basis (PPP). It is the third largest in the world after the U.S. and Japan, with a nominal GDP of U.S. $ 4.3 billion (2008) when measured in terms of rate of change. China's economy has had the fastest growth among major states during the past quarter century at an average annual GDP growth exceeding 10%. In China, per capita income. capita has grown at an average annual rate of over 8% in the last three decades. The enormous scale of the economy and the large increase in capacity has turned China into a battleground for international companies looking to enter the last of the major markets.
In 2007, the GDP growth rate was 11.7% and the rate of growth of the outsourcing industry was 48.5%.

This growth is attributed in part to the fact that China has become one of the nations best "connected"in the world, enabling collaboration and exchange of information online quickly, effectively and safely. Ascert is ideally placed to exploit this competitive advantage.

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

According to him managerial excellence is a technically ability and can be acquired.

He was pioneer of the formal education in management. Fayol's principles of management meet the requirements of modern management.

Henry Fayol, a frech industrialist, offered fourteen principles of management for the first time in 1916.

Division of Work

Division of work means specialization. According to this principle, a person is not capable of doing all types of work. Each job and work should be assigned to the specialist of his job.

Authority and Responsibility

In this way, if anybody is made responsible for any job, he should also have the concerned authority.In other awards when the authority is exercised the responsibility. In other awards when the authority is exercised the responsibility is automatically generated.

Discipline

Discipline in terms of obedience, application, energy and respect to superior. However, Fayol does not advocate warming, fines, suspension and dismissals of worker for maintaining discipline.

Unity of Command

In this way, the principle of unity of command provides the enterprise disciplined, stable and orderly existence

Unity of direction
In this way the principle of direction create dedication to purpose and loyalty. It emphasizes the attainment of common goal under one head.

Subordination of individual interests to general interests

In other words, principle of management state that employees should surrender their personnel interest before the general interest of the enterprise

Fair Remuneration to employees

Logical and appropriate wage-rate and methods of their payment reduces tension and differences between workers and management, create harmonious relationship and a pleasing atmosphere of work

Centralization and Decentralization

According to Fayol there should be centralization in small units and proper decentralization in big organisation.

Scalar chain

The flow of information between management and workers is a must. Business opportunities must be immediately avoided of. so we must make direct contact with the concerned employee. Business problems need immediate solution, so we cannot always depend on the established scalar chain

Order

In other words, principles that every piece of land and every article should be used properly, economically and in the best possible way

Equity

In other words, kindness and justice should be exercised by management in dealing with their subordinates

Stability of use of personnel
Stability of job creates a sense of belongingness among workers who with this feeling are encouraged to improve the quality and quantity of work.

Initiative
It will be more useful, if initiative to do so is provided to employees. In simple, to ensure success, plans should be well formulated before they are implemented.

Spirit of Co-operation (Spirit de crops)

Production is a team work for which the whole-hearted support and co-operation of the members at all levels is required.

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS

International economics is concerned with the effects upon economic activity of international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the institutions that affect them. It seeks to explain the patterns and consequences of transactions and interactions between the inhabitants of different countries, including trade, investment and migration.economies of scale are benefits from bulk buying.

THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADES

MERCANTILISM

 According to Wild, 2000, the trade theory that states that nations should accumulate financial wealth, usually in the form of gold, by encouraging exports and discouraging imports is called mercantilism. According to this theory other measures of countries' well being, such as living standards or human development, are irrelevant. Mainly Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain used mercantilism during the 1500s to the late 1700s.

 Mercantilistic countries practised the so-called zero-sum game, which meant that world wealth was limited and that countries only could increase their share at expense of their neighbours. The economic development was prevented when the mercantilistic countries paid the colonies little for export and charged them high price for import. The main problem with mercantilism is that all countries engaged in export but was restricted from import, another prevention from development of international trade.

ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE

The Scottish economist Adam Smith developed the trade theory of absolute advantage in 1776. A country that has an absolute advantage produces greater output of a good or service than other countries using the same amount of resources. Smith stated that tariffs and quotas should not restrict international trade; it should be allowed to flow according to market forces. Contrary to mercantilism Smith argued that a country should concentrate on production of goods in which it holds an absolute advantage. No country would then need to produce all the goods it consumed. The theory of absolute advantage destroys the mercantilistic idea that international trade is a zero-sum game. According to the absolute advantage theory, international trade is a positive-sum game, because there are gains for both countries to an exchange. Unlike mercantilism this theory measures the nation's wealth by the living standards of its people and not by gold and silver.

There is a potential problem with absolute advantage. If there is one country that does not have an absolute advantage in the production of any product, will there still be benefit to trade, and will trade even occur? The answer may be found in the extension of absolute advantage, the theory of comparative advantage.

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

The most basic concept in the whole of international trade theory is the principle of comparative advantage, first introduced by David Ricardo in 1817. It remains a major influence on much international trade policy and is therefore important in understanding the modern global economy. The principle of comparative advantage states that a country should specialise in producing and exporting those products in which is has a comparative, or relative cost, advantage compared with other countries and should import those goods in which it has a comparative disadvantage. Out of such specialisation, it is argued, will accrue greater benefit for all.

 In this theory there are several assumptions that limit the real-world application. The assumption that countries are driven only by the maximisation of production and consumption, and not by issues out of concern for workers or consumers is a mistake.

HECKSCHER-OHLIN THEORY

In the early 1900s an international trade theory called factor proportions theory emerged by two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. This theory is also called the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory stresses that countries should produce and export goods that require resources (factors) that are abundant and import goods that require resources in short supply. This theory differs from the theories of comparative advantage and absolute advantage since these theory focuses on the productivity of the production process for a particular good. On the contrary, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory states that a country should specialise production and export using the factors that are most abundant, and thus the cheapest. Not produce, as earlier theories stated, the goods it produces most efficiently.

The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is preferred to the Ricardo theory by many economists, because it makes fewer simplifying assumptions. In 1953, Wassily Leontief published a study, where he tested the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. The study showed that the U.S was more abundant in capital compared to other countries, therefore the U.S would export capital- intensive goods and import labour-intensive goods. Leontief found out that the U.S's export was less capital intensive than import.

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE THEORY

Raymond Vernon developed the international product life cycle theory in the 1960s. The international product life cycle theory stresses that a company will begin to export its product and later take on foreign direct investment as the product moves through its life cycle. Eventually a country's export becomes its import. Although the model is developed around the U.S, it can be generalised and applied to any of the developed and innovative markets of the world.

The product life cycle theory was developed during the 1960s and focused on the U.S since most innovations came from that market. This was an applicable theory at that time since the U.S dominated the world trade. Today, the U.S is no longer the only innovator of products in the world. Today companies design new products and modify them much quicker than before. Companies are forced to introduce the products in many different markets at the same time to gain cost benefits before its sales declines. The theory does not explain trade patterns of today.